Finishing Reform

I'm typing this on a MNT Reform version 2, motherboard revision 2. Almost exactly one year has passed since we finished the previous big incarnation of Reform (which we call version 1). Back then, it was powered by i.MX6 and we needed at least a full day to assemble one. The new Reform has a much simpler architecture, more power, a bigger 1080p eDP display, a keyboard with a satisfying writing experience, and it can be used to get real work done. It can be assembled in half an hour (given populated PCBs).

In this article I want to give a quick walkthrough on what we changed to get to this version that is very close to the final thing you'll be able to acquire from the Crowd Supply campaign.

System on Module (SoM)

The CPU, GPU and hardware implementations of standard interfaces like USB 3.0, PCIe, and MIPI DSI are all located in the NXP i.MX8M, which is called a System-on-Chip (SoC). This SoC supports LPDDR4 memory, which in our case has 4GB capacity. The SoM features an Atheros Ethernet MAC chip (AR8035). Both SoC and memory chips sit on a System-on-Module (SoM) that we source from Boundary Devices, a US company that specializes on i.MX reference designs. We selected their "Nitrogen8M SOM" module for Reform because it is the only available module for which you can download the complete schematics and understand what every component does. The SoM plugs into the Reform motherboard's central 200 pin SO-DIMM connector. This means that anyone will be able to design a replacement SoM to power Reform with a completely different CPU or an FPGA, for example.

We developed a custom aluminum heatsink for the i.MX8M that allows Reform to run fully passive cooled, eliminating the need for a fan.

More info:

• Boundary Devices Nitrogen8M SOM (To download the schematic, first create a Boundary Devices user account)

Motherboard

The motherboard spans the complete width of the device (around 27cm) and ends with external ports on both sides. It has the following features:

• Power System that includes a charger for LiFePO4 cells and seamlessly switches between wall and battery power.
• System Controller: Coupled to the Power System, a NXP LPC11U24 Cortex-M0 MCU controls an analog monitor chip for the 8 battery cells as well as the charger. It is connected to the SoM via SPI, and has GPIO lines to the main power rail switchers in the system. It has a UART (serial port) that the keyboard can talk to directly for issuing power on/off commands and battery status queries.
• DSI to eDP converter: It was an important goal for us to make the main display path for Reform blob-free, so we couldn't use the existing HDMI/DisplayPort block in i.MX8M to drive the internal display, because this needs a chunk of firmware related to content protection. Instead, we're using the MIPI DSI output and convert its signal to eDP using a Texas Instruments SN65DSI86 chip. All involved drivers are open and in mainline Linux.
• USB 3.0 hub: i.MX8M has 2x USB 3.0 controllers. As we need two internal USB ports for the keyboard and trackball (or trackpad) and wanted to provide three external USB ports, we put a Texas Instruments TUSB8041 USB hub chip on the board that provides the extra ports. We have USB load switches on each external port to protect from too much current draw.
• Sound System: The Reform motherboard features a Wolfson/Cirrus WM8731 audio DAC (digital-to-analog converter) interfacing to the headphone/microphone jack and to an amplifier powering two speakers housed below the main display.
• M.2 slot: A PCIe clock synthesizer on the board provides a reference clock for one or both PCIe 2.0 controllers in i.MX8M. We put one M.2 M-key slot on the board that can house a high-speed NVMe SSD.
• mPCIe slot: The other PCIe controller drives an mPCIe connector that you can use for expansions like a WiFi card, an embedded graphics card or an FPGA board, for example.

The Reform motherboard is open source hardware designed with the free KiCAD EDA. You can find the sources here:

• Reform Motherboard KiCAD Sources
• Reform System Controller Firmware Sources

Ports

The final port arrangement features on the left side:

• Barrel Jack (Power Input)
• Gigabit Ethernet
• 3.5mm TRRS headphone/microphone jack
• Full size SD card port (bootable)

On the right side:

• HDMI port (on i.MX8M, requires an optional HDMI TX firmware blob to work)
• 3x USB 3.0 Type A SuperSpeed ports

Power System

When not connected to a wall adapter, Reform is powered by 8x 18650 LiFePO4 battery cells. Each has a nominal voltage of 3.2V, and all cells are linked in series, which means an operating voltage of 28.8V. This arrangement has the upside that we can monitor and balance each cell individually. You don't have to factory-match cells like you would have to in a parallel arrangement. You can buy replacement cells for Reform for around 2.50 EUR. The LiFePO4 chemistry trades some energy density for many advantages:

• High current source capability with no thermal runaway (the cells don't get hot).
• Relatively high number of charge cycles without degradation (around 2000).
• Smaller environmental impact.

We have teamed up with Fully Automated Technologies who help us optimize Reform's Power System for the final motherboard revision. Our goals are to be able to charge from a wide range of voltage inputs and to squeeze out more efficiency from buck voltage conversion.

Case

The black anodized and sand blasted aluminum case, designed by industrial designer Ana Dantas, is one of the aspects of Reform we're the most proud of. We made one more iteration to improve haptics and assembly ergonomics/speed and ended up with 5 CNC milled parts:

• Screen Back, housing the display and upper half of hinges.
• Screen Front, housing speakers and providing display bezel.
• Main Box, to which all PCBs (printed circuit boards) are attached via M2 screws: The keyboard from the top and motherboard, trackball/trackpad and battery boards from the bottom. The lower half of the hinges and the system controller OLED PCP are mounted from the top as well.
• Main Box Top, a thin part that provides a bezel for the keyboard and the system controller OLED.
• Main Box Bottom, the bottom lid that is either milled from clear acrylic or aluminum.

For easy (dis)assembly, Reform uses only M2 screws with Phillips head everwhere (with one exception: M4 on the hinges).

Hinges

The hinges for Reform are made by Smooth Group, model number SMS-ZZ-219. These are the same that we used in Reform version 1. They are very robust and allow the Reform screen to be opened to an angle of over 180 degrees.

Keyboard

We iterated on the keyboard a few times to arrive at a layout that is a successful tradeoff between ergonomics and cost:

• 80 mechanical low-profile Kailh Choc switches
• A new layout based on ANSI that uses a split spacebar and only two different keycap sizes, 1U and 1.5U. This allows us to get rid of stabilizer wires and create custom molded or 3D printed keycaps in the future requiring only two shapes.
• Blank keycaps are sourced from Kailh and can be unlabeled, laser engraved (more subtle) or UV inkjet printed (high contrast, can wear off over time).

The keyboard not only works as a USB HID device, but it also has a direct UART cable connection to the system controller on the motherboard. By pressing the Circle key, you can interact directly with the system controller, bypassing the main SoC. To give you visual feedback for this interaction, we added a tiny 128x32 pixel OLED on top of the keyboard. From here, you can check charger and battery cell status/health without any operating system support on the main SoC (even while you're still installing an OS). The keyboard OLED and direct interaction mechanism has more potential future uses, like a password manager/wallet or notification display.

Keyboard Sources:

• Reform Keyboard KiCAD Sources
• Reform Keyboard Firmware Sources

Trackball

We arrived at a trackball design with 5 buttons and a tiny Pixart PAT9125EL surface tracking sensor that works well for daily use. The top left and right buttons are what you expect: left and right mouse buttons. The bottom center is the middle button, and the bottom left and right each function as a modifier that turns the trackball into a scroll wheel. Alternatively, you can put your own custom functions on these buttons. The ball is the same POM sphere used in Reform version 1.

Sources for the trackball are here:

• Reform Trackball KiCAD Sources
• Reform Trackball Sensor KiCAD Sources
• Reform Trackball Firmware Sources

Display

The display used in Reform is a 12.5 inch IPS eDP (embedded DisplayPort) panel from Innolux, model number N125HCE-GN1, with 24 bit color and 1920x1080 pixels. It is sharp, bright and a pleasure to do text work on. It has a great color gamut for watching movies, as well. We ordered custom 30 pin I-PEX cables to connect it to the motherboard's eDP 2mm DuPont header. Brightness is controlled directly by a PWM output pin of i.MX8M and works with standard Linux backlight drivers/tools.

Speakers

We employ two 1W mobile speakers by PUI Audio (AS01808AO-3-R). These are mounted directly below the display.

Certifications

We've started working with the following projects/organizations to certify various openness, fairness and environmental aspects of Reform:

• OSHWA (Open Source Hardware Association)
• DIN SPEC 3105 Open Hardware Standard
• Fairtronics, to analyze BOM fairness/environmental impact

Options and Pricing

We are now in the process of finalizing the options that will be available in the Crowd Supply campaign as well as their pricing. Here is a rough draft of potential options:

• Reform Laptop: Fully assembled, plug-and-play device with power adapter, printed manual, and custom soft-shell sleeve.

• Reform Laptop Max: Like Reform Laptop, but with built-in 1TB SSD and WiFi-card.

• Reform DIY Kit (lower price), containing seperately: All PCBs, with components soldered. Nitrogen8M SoM. All case parts and hinges. Trackball or trackpad module, disassembled. Keycaps blank or labelled (QWERTY). Speakers, display panel. Set of batteries. Set of screws. SD Card with bootable Debian GNU/Linux. Power adapter. Manual.

• Caseless Reform DIY Kit (even lower price): Like the DIY Kit but without the aluminum case parts. Print or mill your own case from 3D files we provide.

• Motherboard only (lowest price): Motherboard and Nitrogen8M SOM with Power Adapter. Mainly for developers or if you want to build a custom device around the Reform platform.

Timing

In early 2020, we pre-sold a small number of Reform version 2 beta devices to early adopters to test our supply chain, assembly process and to get some valuable last-minute feedback before shipping the final revision to Crowd Supply backers.

In parallel, we are finishing the texts, imagery and video for the campaign along with nailing down the options and pricing, with the goal of launching the campaign in February 2020.

To get notified about the campaign launch, you can subscribe with your email at https://www.crowdsupply.com/mnt/reform

Thank you for your ongoing support, ideas and encouragement over the last 2.5 years. We are excitedly looking forward to ship a much more personal computer to you soon.

Your feedback is always welcome at lukas@mntre.com, Twitter or #mnt-reform on irc.libera.chat.